Cryptographic machine



June 7, 1932. E. H. HEBERN 1,861,857

CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINE Filed May 17. 1927 l2 Sheets-Sheet l iN VEN TOR ZMM ATTORNEY June 7, 1932. E H, HEBERN l 1,851,857

CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINE Fled May 17, 1927 12 Sheets-Sheet 2 1N VEA/TOR A TTOR NE Y June 7, 1932. l EHH'EBERN y 1,861,857

CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINE Filed May 17, 1927 12 Sheets-Sheet 3 .4 TTOR NE Y E. H. HEBERN v.Fume 7, 1.932.

CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINE iled May 17, 1927 '12 Sheets-Sheet 4 :l TTORNEY June 7, 1932. E, HEBRN 1,861,857

CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINE Filed May 17, 1927 12 Sheets-Sheet 5 EEYBOARD' ENGLISH A X MAGNETS 1N V ENT OR ATTORNEY June 7, 1932. E. H. HEBERN Y cRYPToGRAPHIc MACHINE Filed May l?, 1927 12 Sheets-Sheet 6 A TTOR NE Y June 7, 1932.

E. H. HEBERN 1,861,857

CRYPTOGRAPHI C MACHINE Filed May 17, 1927 -conE I N VEN TOR ATTORNEY,

12 sheets-sheet 7 June 7, 1932. E. H, HEBEN LSGLSS? CRYPTOGRAPHI C MACHINE Filed May 17, 1927 12 sheets-sheet 8 53? I of ATTORNEY June 7, 1932. E. H. HEBERN l CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINE Filed May 17, 1927 12 Sheets-Sheet 9 www www

1N VEN TOR A TTOR NE Y June 7, E H' HEBERN CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINEl l Filed May 17, 1927 12 Sheets-Sheet l0 B 74m. M

June 7, 1932. E. HEBERN 1,861,857

CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINE Filed May 17, 1927 12 Sheets-Sheet ll f I N V EN TOR nil- A g Q 1MM/mim ATTORNEY June 7, 1932. E, H, HEBER-N 1,861,857

CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINE Filed May 17, 1927 I' 12 sheets-sheet 12 i ffy. ffy.

:I TTORNE Y Patented Julie 7i',

UNITI-ign-STATES PATENT. OFFICE Y A EDWARD E. mm, OI om, CALIFORNIA, ASSIGNOR T INTERNATIONAL CODE IACBIN'E COIPANY, 0F RENO, NEVADA, COBPORATI ON 0F NEVADA cnvrroemrrrc mcnnm Appunti maA lay u, 1927. serial no. '192,0'74.

This invention is an improvement of theV invention set forth in my'copending application Serial No. 675,898 Filed Nov. 20, 1923, which has matured into Patent No. 1,683,072,

dated Sept. 4, 1928.-A

-My invention relates to the' art of secret writing; and provides a new system for trans-- sages. `To the layman, one crypt is as unintelligible as another, but to the relatively few cryptographic experts whose profession is the deciphering of secret codes, no secret of past systems, devices or machines has permanently resisted 'a determined and prolonged eiort at discove It is an bbject of my invention to provide a mechanism and a practical system for coding and decoding absolutely .or practically undecipherable cryptogram.

It is an object of my invention to attain a high ratio of complexity of code to complexity of the mechanism and system for forming and decoding messages in said code. It is an obj ect of my invention to introduce a new order of complexity of code into the cryptographic art.

It is an object of my invention determinedly to break up the vulnerable sequences, .rep-

etitions and recurrences heretofore discoverable in code messages by experts bent on deciphering said messages. It is an object of `my invention to break up these sequences, repetitions, and recurrences according to a definite system, whereby the coding and decoding operations are simplified.

It is an object of my invention to combine a number of relatively simple code-forming plans to produce a maximum resultant complexity, (e.g. a complexity determined by an exponential function of said number of plans). It is an object of my invention to substantially exham the code-changing possibilities of the combination of plans. It is a further object of my invention to permit and 5 provide a maximum freedom of choice in each of these plans, in their-.relation to one another,inl the manner of their combination or composition, in the method ,of their' use, or in any one of these choices alone or in combination. It is an object of 'my invention to permit the use of absolutely random relations and'plans or sequences. It is an object of my invention to permit the code-formin plans complishing the system of my invention, and i it is a further object of my invention to provide a highly practical type of commercial machine especially'adapted to the system of my invention. A

This machine isvso constructed that it.oper ates from a constantly changing group of differently mixed up alphabets, .the number of alphabets used being practically unlimited and only one letter called a, primary letter is used from any alphabet.

Coding machines have been designed and built, but all have suffered from the very serious handicap of inflexibility of code, so that, (barring the very vfew simple selections of starting positions placed at the option of a pair of `correspondents using the machine of the prior art), once the construction of this machine had been obtained by a cyptograpbic expert it was a relatively simple matter for.

him to decipher any message coded thereby. It is one object of my invention to provide an improved system and machine which can code a message undecipherable by any expert, no matter how familiar he may be with the construction and operation of the system and machine. It is an object of my invention to provide a maximum range of selection of different key and starting conditions for the option of correspondents using the machine. As a further safeguard I have provided means for guardingthe screcv ofthe kev con'dtions of any machine, so that discovery even of the starting conditions agreed upon between correspondents would be useless a cryptographer who was equipped wlth a sinuarly constructed coding machine; 1t being an important characteristic of the machines of my inventionthat lack of correspondence 1n two machines of any one of the manifold ad'ustable key conditions provided in each, will make it impossible to ecode on one machine, a message coded on the other.

In the design of an improved coding machine I have striven for simplicity, compactness, ease and foolproofness in operation, aas well as for durability andk low cost.

In the working of my machine, certain movements are entailed, and it is an object of my invention to provide special structures for respectively permitting, controlling, and`producing this motion, and I have striven for certain advantageous characteristics ofthese structures; which features will appear or be su gested as the description proceeds.

aving selected the electric coding machine as set forth in a number of prior pat` ents issued independently and jointly to me, I have set out to improve this superior type of machine in a thoroughgoing manner. Man of the improvements are not speciical y referred to in the objects of invention; the body of the specification being relied upon to imply these many objects.

Other and ancillary objects of my invention will be set forth or suggested by the following descri tion of my invention or in the use thereof. ertain objects of my invention are attainablefwith the use of less than all its advantageous features, and with modifications and permutations Within its purview. I desire not tobe circumscribed beyond the reasonable limits of the claims finally determining m invention.

Throug out this description I have consistentlyused the term decipher in connection with the attempts of unauthorized persons to break the code, in c-ontradistinction to the term decode, which refers to the interpretation of the code message by authorized persons. The distinction is arbitrary and has been made merely for convenience.

Devices and systems in the art of cryptography may generally be divided into two classes; one relying upon such simple tricks as writing messages backward, adding dummy symbols and like confusing expedients; and the other involving some thoroughgoing plan of introducing complexity, such for example, as that of the Vigenere* cryptographic table. As soon as the trick is discovered in the former class, the meage may be decihered in the same manner in which it would decoded. In the latter class however, deciphering must follow a less direct plan,

*See Lanzle-Cryptography,` Constable and Co. Ltd. London.

such4 as that involvin letter-frequency abilities. My invention belong to the fications thereof by such tricks as are contained within the first-mentioned class are mere permutations within the purview of my invention. Where my system, for example, callsfor a certain continuity or sequence, the introduction of some such trick to break the continuity or sequence must reasonablgI be interpreted as not without the scope o my system. It is to be expected that someone may desire to complicate the system of my invention by simply combining it with some well-known system of the latter class above defined. I desire to be protected from the infringer who would thus adopt my invention and attempt to make it behind some other cryptographic system. A thorough mastery of the matters taught by my invention and the description thereof will suggest countless such modifications within its purview, and any interpretation of the claims to my invention should therefore rest upon a similar mastery of the matters herein taught, and upon an understanding of the fact that most ofthe past efforts in cr ptography were directed to precisely suc confusing combinations and modifications of well-known systems, in an effort to outguess crytographic experts. It is to be emphasized that, unlike such confusing complications and modifications, my invention entails the roduction of a complex code which does not become decipherable when the details of the coding system or machine are guessed or disclosed. Referring to the drawings:

Figure 1 is a top plan view of the elemental machine of my invention; Fig. 3 is a bot- Y tom plan thereof; and Fig. 2 is a vertical diametral section of the elemental machine in its carrying case. Fig. 4 is a representative wiring dia ram of the elemental machine simpllfed y showing only three of the twenty-six circuits.

probatterv class, and it is to be emphasized that modi- Fig. 5 is a top plan lview of the live-wheel I indicating code machine or portable multicoder of my'invention. The top fiange on each side wall of the machine has been broken .away to disclose certain parts thereunder.

Fig. 6 is a vertical median vlongitudinal section of the machine with its middle code wheel removed. The plane of section is indicated by a line 6-6 -in 5. Figs. 5 and 6 taken together constitute a representation (showing only two of the twenty-six circuits) of the electric wiring of the machine. Fig. 7 is a right side elevation of the machine as viewed in the direction of arrow 7 in Fig. 5. Fig. -8 is a skeleton perspective of the code-Wheel-actuating dogs and associated mechanism as viewed in the direction of arrow 8 in Fig. 5. Fig. 9 is a perspective de- Fig. 11 is.a vertical'approximately median` section, analogous to Fig. 6, of the five-wheel recording code machine. The plane of'section, which is indicated by a line ll--llin Fig. 12, is displaced slightly to show the middle code wheel and associated dog mechanlsm in true elevation. Fig. 12 is a top plan view of the machine with its cover and typebuler bars removed. Fig. 13 is a sectional plan directed down upon the base portion of the machine. lThe plane of section is indicated by a line 13-13 'in 11. In Fig. 13 annular sections of the commutator brushretaining plate have been broken away tov `show the commutatorrbeneath.

Fig. 14 is essentially a right side elevation of the machine with the cover removed and base frame broken away by a vertical section longitudinally throu h the base frame near the right side thereo The plane of section is represented by lines 14-14 in Figs. 13 and 17. Fig. 15 is a fragmentary enlargement of a left-hand portion of Fig. 14 with certain parts cut away to show the electrical switch features associated with the keys. Fig. 16 is a fragmentary perspective view of the key- .board housing and associated parts, but with the keys removed. Fig. 17 is a vertical transverse section of the machine through the rear portion thereof and diametrlcally through the type-actuatingrmechanism. The plane of section is indicated by lines 17-17. in Figs. 11 and. 12. Fig. 18 is a fragmentary left side elevation, in the direction of arrow 18 in Fig. 12, of the rear portion of the machine with type superstructure removed, showing the mechanism for driving and splitting the printed tape. Fig. 19 isa-fragmentary section on the line lll-19 of Fig. 18 showing the five-character spacer of the driving mechanism. Fig. 20 is a fragmentary plan ofthe spacer shown in Fig. 18. Fig. 21 is a skeleton front elevation of the reversing lever and linkage associated therewith for makin the various adjustments provided when shi ing between coding and decoding operation. Fig. 22 is a plan of a sample printed tape as it leaves the type mechanism; and in line with each code letter thereof, is given the character alphabet sequence of the machine at the instant said code letteris printed; to 65 indicate that the entire sequence is changed after each character is printed.

Midget @oder (Elemental commutator reverging code l I will first describe the features ofmy invention which I have incorporated in simplest form in the midget coder illustrated by Fi s. 1 to 4.

encasing member 1 is simply a packing mental device of my invention, and forms no part thereof. It is illustrated to emphasize the fact that this elemental machine is a complete working device as it stands; even though it forms a relatively small subcombination of the more elaborate final multi-coder forms of my invention` later to be described in detail. A A cylindrical metal Abase frame 2, has a perimetrically arranged plurality of standard (flashlight bulb) electric sockets formed, by depressions 6 on \a circumference near the periphery, ln its top end Wall 8. The depressions, and the bulbs 12 within them, are covered by plane lenses 10, each having a character etched thereon. The characters are, in this case, letters of the English alphabet and such numbers and vother characters as are found convenient to transmit in code messages. 14 each having a positioning tab 16 projectingbeyond and below its body. A shallow counterbore at the top of each depression 6 receives the lens with its frame, and a further slight depression beyond the counterbore at one point receives the positioning tab 16 of the lens frame. Cap screws 18 are screwed into the top wall 8 between each pair of lenses to clamp 'them in position. The cap screws may be loosened at any time and the lenses shifted to any desired position, as one means of altering the code.

ln radial line with each character-bearing lenses 10 is a push button 20, and means are provided whereby pressure upon any push button, will cause response of a light under one of the character-bearing lenses. Thus, for example, if the push button adjacent the lens bearing fl-l character were pressed, a light under L lens might light so that L and H characters would be related so that one was the code symbol for the-other. Thus The lenses are held in metal frames L might be designated by H or H might be designated 'by L, and the' electric wiring between the two characters constitutes a designated interconnection therebetween.

, These wiring connections between the push buttons 20 and the bulbs 12 are such that any given push-button is not necessarily in series with t scription proceeds, the subscripts a, b, c, etc., to z, will be used after the number of any element in the structure to designate its position relative to'any given arbitrary.

positionin of the language characters. Thus 10b woul designate the lens having the character B etched thereon, while 20?) would 1e bulb adjacent thereto. As the dedesignate the adjacent push-button in radial line therewith.' Obviously the number of.

characters is vnot limited to the twenty-six letters of the English a1 habet, for numerals, si s, and word-space esignations might b'e a ded. In fact, as will be explained later the use of a code symbol to represent word spaces constitutes an im ortant feature of my invention, and while have preferred to utilize the infrequently-used letter Z for that purpose, it would be possible to add a twenty-seventh symbol for that purpose.

The wiring connections will e explained first with reference to the wiring diagram (Fig. 4), in which but three character positions are shown instead of the total twentysix for a complete alphabet. The bulbs 12e, 1271, and 1225 each have one terminal grounded to the frame of the machine, and a dry-cell battery 22 has its negative terminal grounded to the same frame. The battery 22 has its positive terminal connected, through the electrically parallel set of push-button vswitches 20e, 205, and 20t, to a set of (push-button) commutator brushes 24e, 24a' and 241?, one in series with each push button. The set of (bulb) commutator brushes 26e, 26a' and 2615 areinsulated from the push-button commutator brushes, so that they may be connected thereto only through the channels determined by a commutator 28 arranged to contact with the two sets of brushes. The commutator is wired, (see commutator wires 40 plus cross wires 36), to connect the push-buttons to bulbs out of line therewith, so that the language character marking any push button may be transformed into a code character illumined by a bulb electrically connected therewith. The commutator 28 i-s of insulating material provided with an outer annulus of (bulb) contacts 30, one for each bulb brush 26; and an inner annulus of (pushbutton) contacts 32, one 'or each push-button brush 24. Wiring within the commutator connects each Contact 30 with some (any) one contact 32.

Fig. 4 represents the commutator in neutral position; it being understood that in op eration the commutator would have to have its contacts touching the commutator brushes. Assume the commutator to have been turned clockwise through a slight angle to bring contact 30e-under brush 24e. This will also bring every other brush into Contact with its correspondingly characterized contact. This will arbitrarily be termed a coding position of the commutator. In this osition and with the Wiring illustrated by ig. 4, (which wiring is arbitrary and purely illustrative), it would be possible to transform the word tie, for example, into code by pressing push buttons 20t, 202' and 20e successively. This would cause the lights 12e, 122?, and 12?: to light up in succession; spelling eti which would be the code for Leanser tie. Of course with twenty-six dierentcharacters instead of only three, the possible complications between code and language cllialicters become correspondingly multip 1e Having already described the means (and one commutator position and sample operation) for codin I shall next describe the means for deco ing, after which the means for reversing from one function to other will become apparent.

Positioned in the same annuli of the commutator as the (forward) contacts 30 and 32, are two other interspaced series of eXactly similar (reverse) contacts 30 and 32', all the same distance in the same direction from their corresponding contacts 30 and 32 so that when the commutator 28 is rotated slightly counterclockwise, the contacts 30 and 32 will lie under the brushes in the positions lformerly occupied by the contacts 30 and 32. This counterclockwise position will henceforth. be referred to as the decode or reverse position, in contradistinction to the forward or code position. Each set of four commutator contacts 30, '32, 30 and 32 is designated by a single code or language character; e. g., the set designated by charac ter E is 30e, 32e, 300, and 326., but it will later be shown that this designation is a purely arbitrary one, since the commutator is rotatable with` respect to the character-bearing lenses 10.

' When the commutator is in code position the contacts 30 and 32 are inoperative so far as contact with the brushes is concerned, and when in decode position the contacts 30 and 32 are similarly inoperative. These contacts however, remain in circuit, by reason of pairs of cross-wires 36 permanently connecting the contact 3() of each set to its radially adjacent contact 32 in the same set, and connecting the contact 30 of each set to Aits radially adjacent contact 32. Thus contact 30e is connected in series with contact 32e, contact 30e in series with 32e, 302' with 322, etc. These cross-connected contacts function as a reversing switch so that if pressing push button 2025 causes bulb 12e to light when the commutator is in code position, then when the commutator is rotated through the slight angle to decode position, pressing push button 20e will cause bulb 1215 to light. To decode the code word eti, it is necessary to merely press the push buttons in radial line with the letters E, T, I, on the lenses, when the commutator is in decode position, and the bulbs 121, 1271 and 12e will light successively; spelling the word wie.

The designating interconnections for use during coding operation, though they incorporate elements in common with the inverse designating interconnections for decoding operation, are truly alternative thereto. It

is this use of alternative interconnections which permits either set of interconnections to be connected at random between the characters. It will be noted that by reason of the reversing commutator many elements of the interconnections are made to serve a double function; the electric current being sent through these elements in opposite directions during coding and decoding operations. All the wires are in circuit in either code or decode position of the commutator, and the only elements which go into disuse are certain of the cross-wires 36. By this expedienta great deal of mechanical and electrical complexity is avoided.

The code and decode positions of the com-` mutator have been designated arbitrarily and may be interchanged in use; the important consideration being merely to shift from o nel position to the other so as to reverse the circuits when changing from coding to decoding operation. l

So far it has been pointed out that the character-bearing lenses may be interchanged to change the code, and that the designatlon of code and decode positions may be arbitrarily interchanged Either of these expedients, open to the owner of a coding machine, may be utilized to entirely change the code so as to makethe unauthorized deciphering of the code more ditlicult.

To further complicate the code, means are provided for" shifting the incidence of the designating interconnections between characters to change, not only the code, but the code sequence/as well. By code sequence is meant the order in which letters ofthe code alphabet follow each other. This is illustrated in Fig. 22, wherein no discoverable sequence persists through the several code alphabets arranged one above the other to the left of the mes- A sage-bearing tape 700. Shifting the incidence of said interconnections does more than bodily change theA relation of the Code alphabet to the language alphabet; it mixes up the order or sequence in which 'the code letters follow each other. In thev midget coder this shift of incidence is accomplished by rotating the commutator 28 (beyond the range of shift-from code to decode position), 'to bring diiierent setsof contacts under each given set of brushes. Thus for example, in Fig. 4, the commutator might be rotated through 120 degrees to bring contacts 30e and 32e under brushes 2615 and 24??. It is contemplated that the commutator will be ro'- tated after aspecifiable number (preferably only one) of push-buttons have been depressed, so that the code will not repeat itself each time a given character is coded. The selection of initial commutator position and of the interval, direction and amount ofmovement is then' open to selection and chauve by the owner of -the machine. Thus he m1ght elect to start coding with the contacts 30e and 32e in radial line with the bulb 12t, andto rotate three (or preferably only one), full spaces counterclockwise-after each letter has been coded. To decode, it would. then be necessary to set the "machine to within a fractional space ofthe same initial position to attain the decode position nearest thereto; i. e. with the contacts 30e and 32e in radial line with the bulb 12t; andto rotate three (orone) full spaces counterclockwise, as before, after each letter has been deco ed.

Considering the wiring of the machine in its broader sense as constituting designat' interconnections between characters, it be appreciated that each designating-interconnection is broken up into relatively movable (see movable commutator) parts or links. Thus each commutator Wire 40 taken with its appropriate cross-wire 36 constitutes a link supported by the commutator disk and movable therewith relative to the code and language characters, whereb the incidence of the transitory or changea le designating interconnections Vbetween characters may be shifted. And it should be' noted that any of said wires 40 plus 36 may be connected to any character by merely rotating the commutator. Statement that the commutator contacts are arranged in rings is relied upon, to imply the fact that the movable links of the designating 'interconnections are arranged circularly, i. e. perimetrically, so that any link may be moved to any character.

In the commutator described in my prior Patent, 1,510,44 of Sept. 30, 1924, and therein termed code wheel ,it was necessary that the two sets of commutator contacts be connected inversely in complementary pairs in order to permit inversion from coding to decoding operation. Thus, for example, if character -H-- contact in one ring of contacts where connected to character -Y-- in the other ring, then character H in said other ring, would have to be connected to character Y in said one ring. The commutator of my present inyention is not so limited, and I have provided means for reversing either way from coding to decoding -o eration. This is an important feature o the .present case, and, since it is incorporated in the commutator 28, IY shall henceforth-term this, and all other commutators including the reversing feature,reversing commutators.- It will be understood, however,

that reversing commutators may have other functions in addition to that of reversing the electric circuits.

Relating the foregoing explanation of Fig. 4 to Figs. 1, 2, and 3: v

The commutator 28 is in general an inverted-dishlshaped body of insulating material4 and of an outside major diameter equal to the inside diameter of the cylindrical base frame 2l The bottom of the base frame is open, to rmit insertion of the commutator, and a p urality of cap screws 42, in the lower 'portion of the casing 2, project from' the inside cylindrical face thereof to retain the commutator journaled within the casing. The battery 22 is conveniently carried within the (lished portion of the commutator by a metal saddle 44. The saddle is secured to the commutator by bolts 46, is in electrical contact with the negative terminal of the battery, and is grounded .to the frame through a resilient metallic brush 48 clam d at one end by one of the bolts 46, and havmg its other end sprung up into contact with the under surface of the top end wall 8 of the metal frame. Y i

The annuli of contacts 30 and 32 (including contacts 30 and 32') are clearly shown arranged in two concentric rings near the periphery of the commutator. There are our` contacts for each of thel twenty-six character spaces of the machine. The contacts are simply bolts pressed into complementary counterbored holes in the commutator, with the topsof their heads (or nuts) ground off flush with the upper surface of the commutator. The lower ends of the bolts constitute terminalsv projecting below the commutator to receive the contact washers 52, for the cross-wires 36.

As an aid to interchange of terminals, bus bars 54 take the place of washers in the inner ring of contacts 32 and 32 and these bus bars are provided at their inwardly extended ends with contact screws 56 to receive the terminal prongs of the commutator wires 40. This provision'for interchange of terminals provides another means by which the code arrangements of the machine may be altered to 'suit any correspondents. By merely shifting the wires 40, the code vrelations 0f the machine may be entirely changed to confuse Y --ihe unauthorized personattempting to deci her a code'.

t should be noted that, from an electrical stand int the Wires 40 could as well be connecte between the outer ring of contacts 30 and 30' (because of the cross-connecting wires 36), or they, could be connected between the contacts 30 and 32, or between the contacts 30 and/32. Where connection is to be made to the outer ring of contacts it will be found`desirable to use longer bolts for these outer contacts, and to use axially elongated washers 52 therefor, to sup ort the wires 40 in spaced relation below t e inner ring of contact terminals.

The commutator brushes 24 and 26 are retained above the commutator in an' annular brush-retaining 'block 60 of insulating material non-rotatably pressed into the casing 2. The brushes 26 are capped spiral contact springs carried in loose holes, one beneath each bulb 12,V and in contact with the positive terminal thereof; the negative bulb terminals being grounded to the frame of the machine lthrough their sockets in the metal to wall 8.

yhe brushes 24 are elo ated pins having the push buttons 20 resse upon their upper ends, so that the pus -button switches 24-32 or 24-32 are intimately associated with the reversin commutator in this elemental machine. he push buttons are retained by flanges 66 on the pins 24. The push buttons extend up throughv holes in the to wall 8 of the casing and are urged upwar by spiral springs 68 surrounding .the brushes 24 between the push buttons 20 and the brushretaining block 60.

-An annular metal contact rin 70 having an inner diameter slightly less t an that of the insulating block 60, has a ring "of holes registering with the brushes 24, and is interposed between the block 60 and the springs 68l to connect the brushes 24 to the positive terminal of the battery. A resilient metallic contact brush 72 is supported at one end by a bolt 71 through the insulating material of the commutator and has its other end sprun out into contact with the metal ring 70. spring .clip 73 is clamped against the positlve terminal of the battery 22 by the other 4 end of bolt 7l and so completes the circuits from the battery through `the push buttons and commutator to the bulbs, 1and back through the frame to the battery.

The means for rotatin the commutator consists of a hub 74 bolte to the top of the commutator and projecting up through a central hole in the top wall 8 'of the casing. A transverse hole in the top of the hub receives a rod 76 which constitutes a doubleended crank arm and is retained by an axial screw 7-8 in the hub. The crank arm 76 also constitutes an index ointerhaving one end distinguished from tlEe other end by a mark 80. When the rod is directly over any one lens, the commutator is in coding positionl for the character etched on said lens. The half-spaces for decoding position are marked by the cap screws 18.

To the several means for` complicating codes so-far mentioned as possible with this` midget coder, two others may be added. Either end of the crank arm 76 may be designated the index inter, and the angular relation of the hub 4 to its commutator may be altered at will by merely loosening the set screw 78, turnin the hub to a new position,

pointer would constitute a designating' inlterconnection between the two characters under its opposite ends. Conversely, the

llO

able code-changing feature of the commutator by never rotating the commutator. These apparently obvious methods of use are pointed out as indicative of the wide range of choice open to correspondents using this cryptographic machine.

It is, throughout, one object of my inven` tion to provide a machine which the operator may use in a variety of different ways to .foil

the unauthorized person'who would decipher the code; so that no amount of familianty with the construction of the Hebern coding.

machines in general, or with any particular coding machine of this class,- or even vsuch inside formation as the knowledge of the particular wiring and starting position used on a particular machine, would be effective to permanently destroy secrecy. The operators of the code machine could foil such unauthorized spying by merely agreeingto change the wirin starting position, arrangement of lenses, hu position, or interval and amount of commutator movement during coding. There are so manypossible combinations and permutations or complications of this sort open to the operator that he can make it practically a hopeless task to attempt yto guess the particular combinations, permutations, and complications which are used by any particular correspondents. These combinations, permutations, and complications will henceforth be referred to as the key and starting conditions, since, when they are all known, the key to decoding the code messages is had. Key conditions refer to such features as the commutator wiring, and arrangement of lenses which are ordinarily not altered during the coding and decoding operations;

'while starting conditions refer to such fea- Multiple commutatorcode machines (maalticoders) l The simple and inexpensive midget coder performs its functions to cven better advantages than prior costly highly complex pieces of cryptographic mechanism heretofore used,

and is intended for use wherever code is used on any but a large scale; but where a large amount of code message from a given machine is obtainable by an unauthorized person he may employ means, such as tables of letter frequencies and the like, for decipher- 5 ing the code. The midget coder is equipped to combat such means of deciphering, only by frequently changing the key conditions and by excessively complicating the matter which the operator has to remember when coding and decoding themessage. I have provided automatic means, independent of the personal equation, in my multi-code machmes for-continually chan in the key or starting conditions in a igly complex fashion, and these in turn are provided with a hierarchy of key and starting conditions subject to selectionby an operator.

The more complex (multi-code) machines ofmy invention incorporate the reversing commutator of the midget machine. In these multi-coders, auxiliary means are provided for altering the code circuits so that codechanging rotation of the reversing commutator becomes of relatively less importance, and is retained merely as an adjustment by which the key conditions of the machine may be altered. In the multi-code machines, the wires 40, instead of being direct-connected between the commutator contacts, as in Fig. 4, have auxiliary means for altering code circuits interposed in series therewith.

The auxiliary code-changing means, Figs. 5, 6, 7,8, 9 and 10, is formed by auxiliary (code-wheel) commutators 82, each having two rings of contacts 84 and 86, on opposite radial faces thereof, and analogous respectively to the contacts 30 and 32 of the reversing commutator. Each contact 84 on one side of a code-Wheel commutator is connected by a wire 88, constituting a link in a designating interconnection, to some (any) one contact 86 on the other side. The code-wheel commutators do not embody the reversing feature, and therefore have no need for an interposed ring of decoding contacts anal- 105 ogous to 30 and 32. Instead of four contacts per character as in the commutator 28, each code-wheel commutator 82 requires only two contacts per character, or a total of fiftytwo contacts for the English alphabet. The code-Wheel commutators are modifications of the code-Wheels described in Patent 1,510,441, Sept. 30, 1924, to E. H. Hebern. From an electrical standpoint the onlyT essential difference is that in this early patent it was essen 115 tial to operation of the device that the commutator contacts on opposite sides of the code- Wheel be reciprocally' connected bythe commutator wires; so that if a wire connected contact H on the left side, to contact Y on the right side, a complementary Wire was re uired to connect Y on the left side, to 'on the right side. Otherwisethe machine wolild not decode. In the present invention however, the contacts on one side of the wheel may be connected absolutely at random to the contacts on the other side. The reversing commutator feature permits decoding regardless of this 'arrangement of wires in the code wheel commutators. The code main unchanged so that any pairs of wires 40 and 40 if connected in series, would be equivalent to thewire 40 of the first embodiment. The wires 40 and 40 are connected in series through a plurality of code-wheel commutators. The end of each wire 40 remote from commutator 28 terminates in a commutator brush 90 (Fig. 10) over the contacts 86 on one face of the code-wheel commutator, and the other end of eachwire 40 remote from commutator 28 terminates in a similar commutator brush 92 over the ycontacts 84 on the other face of the code wheels. By rotating a code-wheel commutator between the brushes 84 and 86, just as the reversing commutator 28 in the midget machine had been rotated through whole spaces, the code may be changed during operation of the multi-code machines just as itvhad been altered in the elemental or midget machine. As so far described, the complex machines merely embody one added key condition (viz. adjustable rotation of the reversing commutator) over the elemental machine.

In the complex machines, employment of but a single code-wheel commutator would fail to exploit the fullest advantage accruing from the more advanced design. Actually, live code-wheel commutators are employed in series, each between a pair of brushes. For

convenience, these code-wheel commutators and their brushes will be numbered from left to right by subscripts. Thus, referring to the upper portion of Fig. 10, commutator 821, is

placed between brushes 901 and 921; brushes 921 are connected to brushes 902; commutator 8,22 is placed between brushes 902 and 922 (not shown) and so on.

In the drawings these subscripts will be applied to the code wheels and to certain representative elements associated therewith, it being understood that they are applicable to every element of, or directly associated with, cach separate code wheel.' It should be noted that the number of key conditions is greatly extended, by these auxiliary commutators, for each commutator 82 may be wired differently, may be bodily inverted in the machine, or may have its wiring changed at will, and each may be rotated to a` different position and may be connected for rotation in different sequence.

Means are provided for interconnecting the code-wheel commutators for rotation, so that the elemental key conditions may be automatically altered. The code wheels are interconnected so that: after one has moved through a certain number of steps, a second one will move a predetermined amount; after the second has moved through a certain number of steps a third will move a predeterm1n ed amount; and so on. The code wheels are lnterconnected to move in progressive nonrecurrent succession. In'the ideal application lwill begin to repeat itself after twenty-six operations (turning through one whole commutator space after each character has been coded) unless the key conditions are changed by the operator. In the ve-code-wheel ma chines so far described, it has been calculated that a code sequence will not repeat itself within tWenty-six-to-the-fth-power, operations; after which each -possibility of change of any nal key condition by the operator will produce another 11,881,376 sequences.

In the multi-code machines as described so far, the designating interconnections are split into several different groups, each supported by one commutator, and movable with respect to one another as well as to the characters they interconnect. Where the interconnections in the midget coder each had but a single movable link, those in the multi-code machines have a plurality of movable links arranged perimetrically in groups, and each movable relative to the other links of its series; and means are provided for moving each of these groups successively to substantially exhaust the possible incidences of the linkages.

The more elaborate device of my invention will first be described in detail as applied to an indicating code machine, and will later be described in its most advanced form as a recording code machine.

In the drawings, Figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and the upper half of Fig. 10 are unqualiliedly representive of the indicating code machine irst to be described. In describing this indicating code machine however, infrequent reference will be made to specified portions of Fig.

l1 and the lower half of`Fig. 10, where these figures show elements common to both multicode machines, to better advantage than do Figs. 5 to 9 inclusive. 

